Urban (Dayton, Ohio), low SES 71 % female, 48 % Black, 42 % Appalachian
Rural (North Carolina), mixed SES, 662 female, 948 Whites, 112 Blacks
Has a driver’s license, any household member has a driver’s license, number of vehicles owned in household, days per week spent driving, relative or friend who regularly provides transportation for a family member, knowledge of organizations that provided transportation to health care and use of such transportation (7)
Rural/Urban North Carolina), mixed SES, 62 % female, 68 % Non-Black (majority White)
Rural (West Texas), mixed SES 71 % female, 1949 Non-Hispanic, 148 Hispanic
Massachusetts, 95 % Medicare, 17 % Medicaid, 61 % privately insured, 64 % female Race not reported
Minnesota, 65 % female adult enrollees, 47 % female parent enrollees, 1,314 Whites, 539 American Indians
Birmingham, Alabama, 25 % had income greater than 25,000 dollars, 14 % female, 63 % white
8 metro inner-cities (locations not specified), low SES/74 % Medicaid, 36 % female, 73 % Black
National, mixed SES, 847 females, 1,399 White/959 Black/415 Hispanic
Los Angeles, California, low SES, 69 % female, 56 % Hispanic/Latino, 23 % Black, 17 % White
Did not have transportation to get to the doctor (12 %)
Forsyth County, NC; Sacramento County, CA; Washington County, MD; Allegheny County, PA; mixed SES/ 70 % with supplemental private insurance, 59 % female, 83 % White
Barriers to care associated with older age, female gender, minorities, lower income, lack of complementary insurance
Boston, Massachusetts, low SES, Latino
Lack of a car as most frequent transportation difficulty (62 %)
Clinics located too far from home (11 %)
New York City, New Hampshire, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands
Distance to provider (63 %)
Cost of transit (63 %)
No public transit available (48 %)
Texas, mixed SES, 56 % female, 42 % White, 40 % Black, 15 % Hispanic
Distance
Hispanic (66 %), Black (51 %), White (37 %)
Access to a vehicle
Hispanic (50 %), Black (46 %), White (19 %)
Finding someone to drive them Hispanic (66 %), Black (55 %), White (37 %)
Urban/rural (Wisconsin), 54 % made < $10,000, 19 % female, 69 % White/23 % Black
Urban (Pittsburgh), mixed SES, 94 % female, race not reported
National, mixed SES, American Indian/ Alaskan native, White
Urban (Atlanta), low SES, 41 % female, 88 % Black
Transportation assistance would improve medication use 65 %)
31 US States, mixed SES, 78 % white
Distance from provider (44 %)
Cost of transit (28 %)
Lack of access to transit (10 %)
Distance was the most important barrier (22 %)
Chicago, mixed SES, 26 % female, 67 % white
Compared with Whites, Blacks had 1/3 the hazard rate of death
On average, those traveling more than 15 miles were more often white, male, college educated, had higher family incomes
National, SES not reported, included Blacks and Whites
Vermont, 58 % with private insurance/ 58 % Medicare/20 % Medicaid/5 % military/2 % uninsured, 54 % female, 97 % white
Seattle, low SES, 71 % women, 77 % White
Insufficient income to meet personal needs was associated with more financial and structural barriers
Chicago, Newark, New York, Miami, 51 % with stable housing, 64 % female, 73 % Black
Urban (Atlanta), low SES, 21 women, 100 % Black
Rural (Orleans County, Vermont), income less than 50,000 dollars, gender and race not specified
National, mixed income/all insured, 65 % female, 87 % White
Midwestern metropolitan clinic (location not specified), low SES, 54 % Black, 41 % White
Inner city Minneapolis, low SES, race not reported
National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), mixed SES, 62 % female, 71 % White
Blacks had higher travel burdens by time (OR 3.04) compared to urban residence and Whites
Urban (Atlanta), low SES, 53 % female, 89 % Black
If no private transportation, more likely to delay care (OR 1.60)
Lack of private transportation was an independent predictor of not having a regular source of care and delaying care
Urban/Rural (North Carolina), 86 % female, 59 % White
Long travel distances to health care services was a major barrier for accessing care for clients (33 %)
Metro South Florida, low SES, 838 women, 818 White, 252 Hispanic
National, mixed SES, race varied
Of 5 access barriers, “no transportation” was greatest OR (OR 1.88)
Southeast Michigan, median income 48,000 dollars/patients had to be enrolled in a health care plan in the 1 year preceding cancer diagnosis/12 % did not own cars in household, 41 % female, 69 % White, 29 % Black
Distance traveled was not associated with adherence to chemotherapy treatment guidelines
No racial differences in the receipt of chemotherapy (neither under or overuse)
Rural (California), majority made less than 20,000 dollars/year, 100 % female
Difficulty traveling to appointment 45.3 %
Lack of transportation 31.2 %
Transportation challenges associated with lower income
New York City suburb, low SES, 83 % female, 73 % Hispanic
Chronic transportation problems (30 %)
Difficulties affording transportation to clinic (nearly 25 %)
Bus users twice as likely to report history of missed/rescheduled appointments (40 % vs. 18 % car users; P < 0.001)
Urban/Rural (national), low SES, 83 % white, 9 % Black
Urban (St.Louis, Missouri), low SES, race not reported
Vermont/New Hampshire/northern New York, 98 % insured/21 % Medicaid, 55 % female, 97 % White
Indiana, Medicaid recipients, 66 % Black
Visits to neighborhood health clinics increased (7 %)
Emergency and urgent care visits fell (8%)
Visits for medication fills fell (18 %)
Hospitalizations increased slightly with no change in number of inpatient days
National health interview survey (1)
MEPS (3)
National transportation availability and use survey (not specified)
53.7 % of children who missed care due to transportation live in metro areas of 1 million or more while only 47.5 % of all U.S. children live in these areas
National, mixed SES, 100 % female, 23 % minorities
4 counties in Eastern North Carolina, 73 % of children lacked insurance, nearly 70 % children were foreign born (62 % from Mexico)
Lack of transportation was primary reason for last episode of unmet medical need (80 %)
Worldwide, (119 US/24 outside US), 75 % female, SES not reported, race not reported
Trouble picking up medications on time due to transportation barriers (51 % vs 20%)
Would miss fewer doses if transit not an issue (45 vs. 22 %)
Thought had seizures because did not get medications on time (28 vs. 18 %)
Living closer and having mail service pharmacies did not improve receipt of on time refills
Urban (Atlanta), low SES, 46 % female, 91 % Black
Urban (Houston, Texas), low SES/80 % Medicaid, 44 % Hispanic, 28 % African Americain
Kept appointment:
Access to a car (82 %)
Missed in past due to transportation problems (30 %)
31 % of the show group missed appointments in the past due to reasons other than transportation
Did not keep appointment:
Access to a car (58 %)
Missed in past due to transportation problems (50 %)
56 % of the no show group missed appointments in the past due to reasons other than transportation
Minnesota, mixed SES, 100 % male, 76 % White